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Teachers Activity links ____________________ Grammar advanced intermediate beginning ____________________ Reading abridged stories paraphrasing ____________________ Writing essay skills verb choice end focus ____________________ Listening Speaking Teaching Vowels s- endings note-taking skills ____________________ more to come... ____________________ created and maintained by Douglas E. Adams		Changing Grammar: The Grammar Toolbox- page 4 At this point three tools for manipulating the grammar of a sentence have been discussed, and these can take a student pretty far. However, a whole other dimension of possibilities opens when we consider that each of these forms can be combined with the others. Thus, for the sentence...      ex: Members of Congress created a new law to reduce taxes for wealthy people. ...we can use a combination of a gerund/infinitive + a noun clause.      ex: Creating a new law to reduce taxes for wealthy people was what members of Congress did. or...      ex: What members of Congress did was to create a new law to reduce taxes for wealthy people. We can also take this example a step further by making the noun clause passive.      ex: Creating a new law to reduce taxes for wealthy people was what was done by members of Congress. The use of these grammar and vocabulary tools for paraphrasing is analogous to a bridge between being a beginner with no idea where to start,and an expert who is able to paraphrase entire passages without conscious thought to the grammar and vocabulary involved. It is the hope of every teacher that learners will eventually reach this point, but in the meantime, hopefully the Grammar Toolbox will serve them well. Special Note: Since they describe nouns, an additional grammar form that often proves useful for paraphrasing are Adjective Clauses in their full, reduced and fronted forms. Let's continue our discussion with Paraphrasing Vs. Summarizing.

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